A. H. Fischer, S. Bardarov, and Z. Jiang, Molecular aspects of diagnostic nucleolar and nuclear envelope changes in prostate cancer, J Cell Biochem, vol.91, issue.1, pp.170-84, 2004.

A. H. Fischer, P. Taysavang, and S. M. Jhiang, Nuclear envelope irregularity is induced by RET/PTC during interphase, Am J Pathol, vol.163, issue.3, pp.1091-100, 2003.

D. Sarkar, L. Emdad, S. G. Lee, B. K. Yoo, Z. Z. Su et al., Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1: Far More Than Just a Gene Regulated in Astrocytes, Cancer Res, vol.69, issue.22, pp.8529-8564, 2009.

M. Fricker, M. Hollinshead, N. White, and D. Vaux, Interphase nuclei of many mammalian cell types contain deep, dynamic, tubular membrane-bound invaginations of the nuclear envelope, Journal of Cell Biology, vol.136, issue.3, pp.531-575, 1997.

M. Fricker, M. Hollinshead, N. White, and D. Vaux, The convoluted nucleus, Trends in cell biology, vol.7, issue.5, p.181, 1997.

M. C. Domart, T. Hobday, C. J. Peddie, G. Chung, A. Wang et al., Acute Manipulation of Diacylglycerol Reveals Roles in Nuclear Envelope Assembly & Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology, PLoS One, vol.7, issue.12, p.14, 2012.

V. Zhendre, A. Grelard, M. Garnier-lhomme, S. Buchoux, B. Larijani et al., Key Role of Polyphosphoinositides in Dynamics of Fusogenic Nuclear Membrane Vesicles, PLoS One, vol.6, issue.9, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00637421

M. Garnier-lhomme, R. D. Byrne, T. Hobday, S. Gschmeissner, R. Woscholski et al., Nuclear Envelope Remnants: Fluid Membranes Enriched in STEROLS and Polyphosphoinositides, Plos One, vol.4, issue.1, p.12, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02124187

G. Blobel and V. R. Potter, Nuclei from Rat Liver -Isolation Method that Combines Purity with High Yield, Science, vol.154, issue.3757, p.1662, 1966.

M. M. Bradford, Rapid and Sensitive Method for Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing Principle of Protein-Dye Binding, Anal Biochem, vol.72, issue.1-2, pp.248-54, 1976.

H. Towbin and J. Gordon, Immunoblotting and Dot Immunobinding -Current Status and Outlook, Journal of Immunological Methods, vol.72, issue.2, pp.313-353, 1984.

B. Larijani, D. L. Poccia, and L. C. Dickinson, Phospholipid identification and quantification of membrane vesicle subfractions by P-31-H-1 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, Lipids, vol.35, issue.11, pp.1289-97, 2000.

C. H. Fiske and Y. Subbarow, The colorimetric determination of phosphorus, J Biol Chem, vol.66, issue.2, pp.375-400, 1925.

N. Sotirhos, B. Herslof, and L. Kenne, Quantitative-Analysis of Phospholipids by P-31-NMR, J Lipid Res, vol.27, issue.4, pp.386-92, 1986.

A. Bax and D. G. Davis, MLEV-17-Based Two-Dimensional Homonuclear Magnetization Transfer Spectroscopy, Journal of Magnetic Resonance, vol.65, issue.2, pp.355-60, 1985.

A. Bax, R. H. Griffey, and B. L. Hawkins, Correlation of Proton and N-15 Chemical-Shifts by Multiple Quantum NMR, Journal of Magnetic Resonance, vol.55, issue.2, pp.301-316, 1983.

D. Massiot, F. Fayon, M. Capron, I. King, L. Calve et al.,

B. Alonso, Modelling one-and two-dimensional solidstate NMR spectra. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, vol.40, pp.70-76, 2002.

H. T. Edzes, T. Teerlink, and J. Valk, Phospholipid Identification in Tissue-Extracts by 2-Dimensional P-31-H-1 NMR-Spectroscopy with Isotropic Proton Mixing, Journal of Magnetic Resonance, vol.95, issue.2, pp.387-95, 1991.

G. S. Wilkie and E. C. Schirmer, Purification of nuclei and preparation of nuclear envelopes from skeletal muscle, Methods in molecular biology, vol.463, pp.23-41, 2008.

R. E. Scott and P. B. Maercklein, Effect of Dithiothreitol on Plasma-Membrane Intramembranous Particle Topography in Balb-C 3t3 and Simian Virus-Transformed 3t3 Cells and Plasma-Membrane Vesicles, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.65, issue.2, pp.415-424, 1980.

S. Kaffarnik, I. Ehlers, G. Grobner, J. Schleucher, and W. Vetter, Two-Dimensional P-31,H-1 NMR Spectroscopic Profiling of Phospholipids in Cheese and Fish, J Agric Food Chem, vol.61, issue.29, pp.7061-7070, 2013.

P. Meneses and T. Glonek, High-Resolution P-31 NMR of Extracted Phospholipids, J Lipid Res, vol.29, issue.5, pp.679-89, 1988.

X. L. Gao, Q. B. Zhang, D. Meng, G. Isaac, R. Zhao et al., A reversed-phase capillary ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) method for comprehensive top-down/bottomup lipid profiling, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol.402, issue.9, pp.2923-2956, 2012.

F. F. Hsu and J. Turk, Charge-driven fragmentation processes in diacyl glycerophosphatidic acids upon lowenergy collisional activation. A mechanistic proposal, J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, vol.11, issue.9, pp.797-803, 2000.

E. Hvattum, G. Hagelin, and A. Larsen,

F. F. Hsu and J. Turk, Studies on phosphatidylglycerol with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization: Fragmentation processes and structural characterization, J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, vol.12, issue.9, pp.1036-1079, 2001.

B. Larijani, Protein and lipid signaling in membrane fusion: nuclear envelope assembly. Signal transduction, vol.7, pp.142-53, 2007.

R. D. Byrne, M. Gamier-lhomme, K. Han, M. Dowicki, N. Michael et al., PLC gamma is enriched on polyphosphoinositide-rich vesicles to control nuclear envelope assembly, Cellular Signalling, vol.19, issue.5, pp.913-935, 2007.

T. Barona, R. D. Byrne, T. R. Pettitt, M. Wakelam, B. Larijani et al., Diacylglycerol induces fusion of nuclear envelope membrane precursor vesicles, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.280, issue.50, pp.41171-41178, 2005.

R. Dazzoni, A. Grelard, E. Morvan, A. Bouter, C. J. Applebee et al., Unprecedented deformation of human Nuclear Envelopes in magnetic field: is membrane elasticity driving membrane invaginations? submitted. 2019. 31. Dufourc EJ, Smith ICP. A detailed analysis of the motions of cholesterol in biological-membranes by H-2-NMR relaxation, Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, vol.41, issue.2, pp.123-158, 1986.

E. J. Dufourc, Sterols and membrane dynamics, J Chem Biol, vol.1, issue.1-4, pp.63-77, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02124211

W. Rawicz, K. C. Olbrich, T. Mcintosh, D. Needham, and E. Evans, Effect of chain length and unsaturation on elasticity of lipid bilayers, Biophysical Journal, vol.79, issue.1, pp.328-367, 2000.

G. Blobel and V. R. Potter, Nuclei from Rat Liver -Isolation Method that Combines Purity with High Yield, Science, vol.154, p.1662, 1966.

D. Massiot, Modelling one-and two-dimensional solid-state NMR spectra, Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, vol.40, pp.70-76, 2002.

S. Kaffarnik, I. Ehlers, G. Grobner, J. Schleucher, and W. Vetter, Two-Dimensional P-31,H-1 NMR Spectroscopic Profiling of Phospholipids in Cheese and Fish, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.61, pp.7061-7069, 2013.

P. Meneses and T. Glonek, High-Resolution P-31 NMR of Extracted Phospholipids, Journal of Lipid Research, vol.29, pp.679-689, 1988.

. Schechter, Biochimie et Biophysique des Membranes : Aspects structuraux et fonctionnels, 1990.

F. Zambrano, S. Fleischer, and B. Fleischer, Lipid-Composition of Golgi Apparatus of Rat-Kidney and Liver in Comparison with other Subcellular Organelles, Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, vol.380, pp.357-369, 1975.

P. Collas and D. Poccia, Distinct egg membrane vesicles differing in binding and fusion properties contribute to sea urchin male pronuclear envelopes formed in vitro, Journal of Cell Science, vol.109, pp.1275-1283, 1996.

A. Zachowski, Phospholipids in animal eukaryotic membranes -transverse asymmetry and movement, Biochemical Journal, vol.294, pp.1-14, 1993.

, * Correspondence should be addressed to Erick J. Dufourc (e.dufourc@cbmn.u-bordeaux.fr or erick.dufourc@cnrs-dir.fr) or to Banafshé Larijani

F. Houben, F. C. Ramaekers, L. Snoeckx, and J. L. Broers, Role of nuclear laminacytoskeleton interactions in the maintenance of cellular strength, Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Res, vol.1773, pp.675-686, 2007.

M. Fricker, M. Hollinshead, N. White, and D. Vaux, The convoluted nucleus, Trends in cell biology, vol.7, p.181, 1997.

A. H. Fischer, S. Bardarov, and Z. Jiang, Molecular aspects of diagnostic nucleolar and nuclear envelope changes in prostate cancer, J. Cell. Biochem, vol.91, pp.170-184, 2004.

A. H. Fischer, P. Taysavang, and S. M. Jhiang, Nuclear envelope irregularity is induced by RET/PTC during interphase, Am. J. Pathol, vol.163, pp.1091-1100, 2003.

S. H. Hu, J. X. Chen, J. P. Butler, and N. Wang, Prestress mediates force propagation into the nucleus, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.329, pp.423-428, 2005.

J. Y. Ji, Cell nuclei spin in the absence of lamin B1, J. Biol. Chem, vol.282, 2007.

K. Gehrig, T. A. Lagace, and N. D. Ridgway, Oxysterol activation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis involves CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha translocation to the nuclear envelope, Biochem. J, vol.418, pp.209-217, 2009.

B. Larijani and D. L. Poccia, Annual Review of Biophysics, vol.38, pp.107-124, 2009.

M. C. Domart, Acute Manipulation of Diacylglycerol Reveals Roles in Nuclear Envelope Assembly & Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology, PLoS One, vol.7, p.14, 2012.

M. Garnier-lhomme, Nuclear Envelope Remnants: Fluid Membranes Enriched in STEROLS and Polyphosphoinositides, PLoS One, vol.4, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02124187

E. J. Dufourc, Sterols and membrane dynamics, Journal of chemical biology, vol.1, pp.63-77, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02124211

M. Gamier-lhomme, Probing the dynamics of intact cells and nuclear envelope precursor membrane vesicles by deuterium solid state NMR spectroscopy, Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Biomembr, vol.1768, pp.2516-2527, 2007.

P. Uzureau, Mechanism of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense resistance to human serum, Nature, vol.501, p.430, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02124025

L. H. Chamberlain, Detergents as tools for the purification and classification of lipid rafts, FEBS Lett, vol.559, pp.1-5, 2004.

F. X. Valtierra, M. V. Mateos, M. I. Aveldano, and G. M. Oresti, Sphingomyelins and ceramides with VLCPUFAs are excluded from low-density raft-like domains in differentiating spermatogenic cells, J. Lipid Res, vol.58, pp.529-542, 2017.

G. Blobel and V. R. Potter, Nuclei from Rat Liver -Isolation Method that Combines Purity with High Yield, Science, vol.154, p.1662, 1966.

R. Estrada, N. Stolowich, and M. C. Yappert, Influence of temperature on P-31 NMR chemical shifts of phospholipids and their metabolites I. In chloroform-methanol-water, Anal. Biochem, vol.380, pp.41-50, 2008.

S. Kaffarnik, I. Ehlers, G. Grobner, J. Schleucher, and W. Vetter, Two-Dimensional P-31,H-1 NMR Spectroscopic Profiling of Phospholipids in Cheese and Fish, J. Agric. Food Chem, vol.61, pp.7061-7069, 2013.

P. Meneses and T. Glonek, High-Resolution P-31 NMR of Extracted Phospholipids, J. Lipid Res, vol.29, pp.679-689, 1988.

J. H. Davis, The Description of Membrane Lipid Conformation, Order and Dynamics by 2H-NMR

, Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, vol.737, pp.117-171, 1983.

J. P. Douliez, A. Leonard, and E. J. Dufourc, Restatement of Order Parameters in Biomembranes -Calculation of C-C Bond Order Parameters from C-D Quadrupolar Splittings, Biophys. J, vol.68, pp.1727-1739, 1995.

J. Seelig, Deuterium Magnetic-Resonance -Theory and Application to Lipid-Membranes, Q. Rev. Biophys, vol.10, pp.353-418, 1977.

J. G. Beck, D. Mathieu, C. Loudet, S. Buchoux, and E. J. Dufourc, Plant sterols in "rafts": a better way to regulate membrane thermal shocks, Faseb J, vol.21, pp.1714-1723, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01564162

L. J. Burnett and B. H. Muller, Deuteron Quadrupole Coupling Constants in 3 Solid Deuterated Paraffin Hydrocarbons-C2D6, C4D10, C6D14, J. Chem. Phys, vol.55, p.5829, 1971.

E. J. Dufourc, C. Mayer, J. Stohrer, G. Althoff, and G. Kothe, Dynamics of Phosphate Head Groups in Biomembranes -Comprehensive Analysis Using P-31 Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Lineshape and Relaxation-Time Measurements, Biophys. J, vol.61, pp.42-57, 1992.

J. P. Douliez, A. Leonard, and E. J. Dufourc, Conformational order of DMPC sn-1 versus sn-2 chains and membrane thickness: An approach to molecular protrusion by solid state H-2-NMR and neutron diffraction, J. Phys. Chem, vol.100, pp.18450-18457, 1996.

T. Pott and E. J. Dufourc, Action of Melittin on the DPPC-Cholesterol Liquid-Ordered Phase -A Solid-State 2H-NMR and P-31-NMR Study, Biophys. J, vol.68, issue.95, pp.80272-80281, 1995.

W. Helfrich, Lipid Bilayer Spheres -Deformation and Birefringence in Magnetic-Fields, Phys. Lett. A A, vol.43, pp.409-410, 1973.

J. N. Israelachvili, S. Marcelja, and R. G. Horn, Physical Principles of Membrane Organization, Q. Rev. Biophys, vol.13, pp.121-200, 1980.

P. Collas and D. Poccia, Distinct egg membrane vesicles differing in binding and fusion properties contribute to sea urchin male pronuclear envelopes formed in vitro, J. Cell Sci, vol.109, pp.1275-1283, 1996.

B. Larijani, D. L. Poccia, and L. C. Dickinson, Phospholipid identification and quantification of membrane vesicle subfractions by P-31-H-1 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, Lipids, vol.35, pp.1289-1297, 2000.

G. Griffiths, R. Back, and M. Marsh, A Quantitative-Analysis of the Endocytic Pathway in Baby Hamster-Kidney Cells, Journal of Cell Biology, vol.109, pp.2703-2720, 1989.

F. Zambrano, S. Fleischer, and B. Fleischer, Lipid-Composition of Golgi Apparatus of Rat-Kidney and Liver in Comparison with other Subcellular Organelles, Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, vol.380, pp.357-369, 1975.

P. Collas and D. Poccia, Lipophilic organizing structures of sperm nuclei target membrane vesicle binding and are incorporated into the nuclear-envelope, Developmental Biology, vol.169, pp.123-135, 1995.

M. L. Watson, The Nuclear Envelope -Its Structure and Relation to Cytoplasmic Membranes, Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology, vol.1, p.257, 1955.

E. J. Dufourc, The role of phytosterols in plant adaptation to temperature, Plant signaling & behavior, vol.3, pp.133-134, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02124209

P. R. Cullis and B. Dekruyff, P-31 NMR-Studies of Unsonicated Aqueous Dispersions of Neutral And Acidic Phospholipids -Effects of Phase-Transitions, P2H and Divalent-Cations on Motion In Phosphate Region of Polar Headgroup, Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, vol.436, pp.523-540, 1976.

D. Chapman, Phase-Transitions and Fluidity Characteristics of Lipids and Cell-Membranes. Q. Rev. Biophys, vol.8, pp.185-235, 1975.

M. Esfahani, E. M. Barnes, and S. J. Wakil, Control of Fatty Acid Composition in Phospholipids of Escherichia-Coli . Response to Fatty Acid Supplements in a Fatty Acid Auxotroph, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.64, p.1057, 1969.

N. P. Ulrih, D. Gmajner, and P. Raspor, Structural and physicochemical properties of polar lipids from thermophilic archaea, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, vol.84, pp.249-260, 2009.

A. Diller, Bicelles: A natural 'molecular goniometer' for structural, dynamical and topological studies of molecules in membranes, Biochimie, vol.91, pp.744-751, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01564158

R. S. Prosser, J. S. Hwang, and R. R. Vold, Magnetically aligned phospholipid bilayers with positive ordering: A new model membrane system, Biophys. J, vol.74, issue.98, pp.77949-77953, 1998.

G. Raffard, S. Steinbruckner, A. Arnold, J. H. Davis, and E. J. Dufourc, Temperature-composition diagram of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine-dicaproylphosphatidylcholine "bicelles" self-orienting in the magnetic field. A solid state H-2 and P-31 NMR study, Langmuir, vol.16, pp.7655-7662, 2000.

J. Seelig, F. Borle, and T. A. Cross, Magnetic-Ordering of Phospholipid-Membranes, Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, vol.814, pp.195-198, 1985.

E. Boroske and W. Helfrich, Magnetic-Anisotropy of Egg Lecithin Membranes, Biophys. J, vol.24, pp.863-868, 1978.

P. Meleard, Bending elasticities of model membranes: Influences of temperature and sterol content, Biophys. J, vol.72, pp.2616-2629, 1997.

M. D. Bootman, C. Fearnley, I. Smyrnias, F. Macdonald, and H. L. Roderick, An update on nuclear calcium signalling, J. Cell Sci, vol.122, pp.2337-2350, 2009.

P. P. Lui, S. K. Kong, T. T. Kwok, and C. Y. Lee, The nucleus of HeLa cell contains tubular structures for Ca2+ signalling, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.247, pp.88-93, 1998.

A. Malhas, C. F. Lee, R. Sanders, N. J. Saunders, and D. J. Vaux, Defects in lamin B1 expression or processing affect interphase chromosome position and gene expression, Journal of Cell Biology, vol.176, pp.593-603, 2007.

S. Paytubi, ABC50 Promotes Translation Initiation in Mammalian Cells, J. Biol. Chem, vol.284, pp.24061-24073, 2009.

C. H. Fiske and Y. Subbarow, The colorimetric determination of phosphorus, J. Biol. Chem, vol.66, pp.375-400, 1925.

N. Sotirhos, B. Herslof, and L. Kenne, Quantitative-Analysis of Phospholipids by P-31-NMR, J. Lipid Res, vol.27, pp.386-392, 1986.

A. Bax and D. G. Davis, MLEV-17-Based Two-Dimensional Homonuclear Magnetization Transfer Spectroscopy, J. Magn. Reson, vol.65, pp.355-360, 1985.

M. Rance and R. A. Byrd, Obtaining High-Fidelity Spin-1/2 Powder Spectra in Anisotropic Media -Phase-Cycled Hahn Echo Spectroscopy, J. Magn. Reson, vol.52, issue.83, pp.90190-90197, 1983.

J. H. Davis, K. R. Jeffrey, M. Bloom, M. I. Valic, and T. P. Higgs, Quadrupolar Echo Deuteron Magnetic-Resonance Spectroscopy in Ordered Hydrocarbon Chains, Chem. Phys. Lett, vol.42, pp.390-394, 1976.

J. Schindelin, Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis, Nat. Methods, vol.9, pp.676-682, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02616466

D. Massiot, Modelling one-and two-dimensional solid-state NMR spectra, Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, vol.40, pp.70-76, 2002.

S. Buchoux, Surfactin-triggered small vesicle formation of negatively charged membranes: A novel membrane-lysis mechanism, Biophys. J, vol.95, pp.3840-3849, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00353075

S. Kaffarnik, I. Ehlers, G. Grobner, J. Schleucher, and W. Vetter, Two-Dimensional P-31,H-1 NMR Spectroscopic Profiling of Phospholipids in Cheese and Fish, J. Agric. Food Chem, vol.61, pp.7061-7069, 2013.

P. Meneses and T. Glonek, High-Resolution P-31 NMR of Extracted Phospholipids, J. Lipid Res, vol.29, pp.679-689, 1988.

D. Massiot, Modelling one-and two-dimensional solid-state NMR spectra, Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, vol.40, pp.70-76, 2002.

M. Casu, G. J. Anderson, G. Choi, and W. A. Gibbons, Nmr Lipid Profiles of Cells, Tissues and Body-Fluids .1. 1D and 2dD Proton NMR of Lipids from Rat-Liver, Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, vol.29, pp.594-602, 1991.

H. T. Edzes, T. Teerlink, and J. Valk, Phospholipid Identification in Tissue-Extracts by 2-Dimensional P-31-H-1 NMR-Spectroscopy with Isotropic Proton Mixing, Journal of Magnetic Resonance, vol.95, pp.387-395, 1991.

, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology,date of access). : total number of lipid molecules in sample : number of lipids per spherical MLV of area, Ssphere, and composed of ca

J. P. Douliez, A. Leonard, and E. J. Dufourc, Restatement of Order Parameters in Biomembranes -Calculation of C-C Bond Order Parameters from C-D Quadrupolar Splittings, Biophys. J, vol.68, pp.1727-1739, 1995.

J. P. Douliez, A. Leonard, and E. J. Dufourc, Conformational order of DMPC sn-1 versus sn-2 chains and membrane thickness: An approach to molecular protrusion by solid state H-2-NMR and neutron diffraction, J. Phys. Chem, vol.100, pp.18450-18457, 1996.

J. H. Davis, The Description of Membrane Lipid Conformation, Order and Dynamics by 2H-NMR

, Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, vol.737, pp.117-171, 1983.

L. J. Burnett and B. H. Muller, Deuteron Quadrupole Coupling Constants in 3 Solid Deuterated Paraffin Hydrocarbons-C2D6, C4D10, C6D14, J. Chem. Phys, vol.55, p.5829, 1971.

J. P. Douliez, A. Leonard, and E. J. Dufourc, Restatement of order parameters in biomembranes: calculation of C-C bond order parameters from C-D quadrupolar splittings, Biophysical Journal, vol.68, pp.1727-1739, 1995.

K. H. Shin, T. Fujiwara, and H. Akutsu, Modulation of the Specific Interaction of Cardiolipin with Cytochrome-C by Zwitterionic Phospholipids in Binary Mixed Bilayers -A 2-H and P-31 NMR-Study, Journal of Molecular Structure, vol.355, pp.47-53, 1995.

C. P. Tilcock and P. R. Cullis, The Polymorphic Phase-Behavior of Mixed Phosphatidylserine-Phosphatidylethanolamine Model Systems as Detected by P-31-NMR -Effects of Divalent-Cations and pH, Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, vol.641, pp.189-201, 1981.

P. R. Cullis and B. Dekruyff, P-31 NMR-Studies of Unsonicated Aqueous Dispersions of Neutral And Acidic Phospholipids -Effects of Phase-Transitions, P2H and Divalent-Cations on Motion In Phosphate Region of Polar Headgroup, Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, vol.436, pp.523-540, 1976.

V. Zhendre, Key Role of Polyphosphoinositides in Dynamics of Fusogenic Nuclear Membrane Vesicles, PLoS One, vol.6, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00637421

T. Pott and E. J. Dufourc, Action of Melittin on the DPPC-Cholesterol Liquid-Ordered Phase -A Solid-State 2H-NMR and P-31-NMR Study, Biophys. J, vol.68, issue.95, pp.80272-80281, 1995.

M. R. Vist and J. H. Davis, Phase-Equilibria of Cholesterol Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Mixtures -2H Nuclear Magnetic-Resonance and Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Biochemistry, vol.29, pp.451-464, 1990.

W. Helfrich, Lipid Bilayer Spheres -Deformation and Birefringence in Magnetic-Fields, Phys. Lett. A A, vol.43, pp.409-410, 1973.

W. Helfrich, Elastic Properties of Lipid Bilayers -Theory and Possible Experiments, Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung C-a Journal of Biosciences C, vol.28, pp.693-703, 1973.

E. Boroske and W. Helfrich, Magnetic-Anisotropy of Egg Lecithin Membranes, Biophys. J, vol.24, pp.863-868, 1978.

, Glassware silanization Lipid extraction was carried out in silanized glassware(211) in order to minimize the loss of charged phosphoinositides. Glass universals, specimen tubes, chromacol screwtop tubes and Pasteur pipettes were silanized by immersion in a 3% (v/v) solution of dichlorodimethylsilane (DCMS) in toluene. Glassware was left in a fume hood for 1 hour, then rinsed twice with methanol and twice with water. The glassware was kept in a heated cabinet until dry

, Nuclei were added to 4 mL of acidified chloroform:methanol (2.5:1), sonicated and filtered

, Mass spectroscopy

P. E. Pc, P. A. Ps, P. I. , and P. G. Pc, EPC) ion modes in the mass range m/z 350-100. ESI-MS/MS experiments (Precursor Ion scans) were also performed in the negative and positive ion modes with fast polarity switching (50 ms) and a scan rate of 200 Da/s. Nitrogen was used for the curtain gas (set to 15), gas1 (set to 20) and gas2 (set to 0). Needle voltage was set at -4,5 or +5,5 kV without needle heating. The de-clustering potential was either -100 V or +100 V. Calibration was achieved using an ES Tuning Mix

. Lc-ms/ms, MRM mode) analyses were performed with the same mass spectrometer model QTRAP® 5500, ) and PAL HTCxt Autosampler (CTC Analytics

P. E. Pmol, P. G. Pi-;-pc, . Pe, P. A. Ps, and P. I. , Needle voltage was at -4,5 or +5,5 kV without needle heating; the de-clustering potential was adjusted to +40 V and between -180V and -85 V. The collision gas was also nitrogen; collision energy was +47 eV and varied from -62 to -48 eV. The dwell time was set to 3 ms. MS/MS experiments were performed by 19 positive and 111 negative MRM scans, .5 pmol). Analyses were achieved in the negative

, The gradient elution program was: 0 min, 30 % B; 8 min, 30 % B; 10 min, 70 % B; 35-36 min, 87 % B; 37 min, 30 % B. The flow rate was 50 ?L/min

M. W. Hetzer, The Nuclear Envelope. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, vol.2, p.16, 2010.

S. J. Singer and G. L. Nicolson, The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes, Science, vol.175, issue.4023, pp.720-751, 1972.

M. Fricker, M. Hollinshead, N. White, and D. Vaux, Interphase nuclei of many mammalian cell types contain deep, dynamic, tubular membrane-bound invaginations of the nuclear envelope, Journal of Cell Biology, vol.136, issue.3, pp.531-575, 1997.

M. Fricker, M. Hollinshead, N. White, and D. Vaux, The convoluted nucleus, Trends Cell Biol, vol.7, issue.5, p.181, 1997.

B. Alberts, Molecular biology of the cell, 2007.

J. F. Danielli, A contribution to the theory of permeability of thin films, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology, pp.495-508, 1935.

P. Bothorel and C. Lussan,

, C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, vol.271, issue.7, pp.680-683, 1970.

K. Simons and E. Ikonen, Functional rafts in cell membranes, Nature, vol.387, issue.6633, pp.569-72, 1997.

M. Edidin, The state of lipid rafts: from model membranes to cells, Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct, vol.32, pp.257-83, 2003.

T. Mcmullen, Cholesterol-phospholipid interactions, the liquid-ordered phase and lipid rafts in model and biological membranes, Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, vol.11, pp.63-77, 2004.

L. J. Pike, The challenge of lipid rafts, J Lipid Res, vol.50, pp.323-331, 2009.

L. A. Bagatolli and O. G. Mouritsen, Is the fluid mosaic (and the accompanying raft hypothesis) a suitable model to describe fundamental features of biological membranes? What may be missing?, Frontiers in Plant Science, vol.4, 2013.

K. Jacobson and C. Dietrich, Looking at lipid rafts?, Trends Cell Biol, vol.9, issue.3, pp.87-91, 1999.

D. A. Brown and E. London, Structure and function of sphingolipid-and cholesterol-rich membrane rafts, J Biol Chem, vol.275, issue.23, pp.17221-17225, 2000.

L. Rajendran and K. Simons, Lipid rafts and membrane dynamics, J Cell Sci, vol.118, pp.1099-102, 2005.

E. Schechter, Biochimie et Biophysique des Membranes : Aspects structuraux et fonctionnels. Masson ed. Paris1990

P. R. Cullis and D. B. Fenske, Physical properties and functional roles of lipids in membranes, Biochemistry of lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes1996, pp.1-33

V. Zhendre, Etude de l'implication des Phosphoinositides dans la formation de l'enveloppe nucléaire: Université de Bordeaux, 2010.

H. Schaller, The role of sterols in plant growth and development, Progress in Lipid Research, vol.42, issue.3, pp.163-75, 2003.

H. Saito, N. Suzuki, G. Van-meer, D. R. Voelker, and G. W. Feigenson, Distributions and sources of hopanes, hopanoic acids and hopanols in Miocene to recent sediments from ODP Leg 190, Nankai Trough, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, vol.38, issue.10, pp.112-136, 2007.

C. Kent, Eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis, Annu Rev Biochem, vol.64, pp.315-358, 1995.

D. Vance and J. E. Vance, Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes, 1996.

N. J. Marlone and J. H. , Getting Across the Cell Membrane: An Overview for Small Molecules, Peptides, and Proteins, Methods Mol Biol, vol.1266, pp.29-53, 2015.

V. Luzzati, X-ray diffraction studies of lipid-water systems, Biological Membranes. New York1968. p, pp.71-123

T. J. Mcintosh and A. D. Magid, Phospholipid Hydration, pp.553-77, 1993.

P. R. Cullis and B. De-kruijff, Lipid polymorphism and the functional roles of lipids in biological membranes, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.559, issue.4, pp.399-420, 1979.

J. N. Israelachvili, S. Marcelja, and R. G. Horn, Physical principles of membrane organization, Q Rev Biophys, vol.13, issue.2, pp.121-200, 1980.

S. Buchoux, J. Lai-kee-him, M. Garnier, P. Tsan, F. Besson et al., Surfactin-triggered small vesicle formation of negatively charged membranes: A novel membrane-lysis mechanism, Biophys J, vol.95, issue.8, pp.3840-3849, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00353075

C. R. Sanders and K. Oxenoid, Customizing model membranes and samples for NMR spectroscopic studies of complex membrane proteins, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.1508, issue.1-2, pp.129-174, 2000.

C. Fernandez, C. Hilty, S. Bonjour, K. Adeishvili, K. Pervushin et al., Solution NMR studies of the integral membrane proteins OmpX and OmpA from Escherichia coli, FEBS Lett, vol.504, issue.3, pp.173-181, 2001.

T. L. Lau, A. W. Partridge, M. H. Ginsberg, and T. S. Ulmer, Structure of the integrin beta3 transmembrane segment in phospholipid bicelles and detergent micelles, Biochemistry, vol.47, issue.13, pp.4008-4024, 2008.

A. Léonard, C. Escrive, M. Laguerre, E. Pebay-peyroula, W. Néri et al., Location of Cholesterol in DMPC Membranes. A Comparative Study by Neutron Diffraction and Molecular Mechanics Simulation ?, 2001.

A. V. Villar, F. M. Goni, and A. Alonso, Diacylglycerol effects on phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C activity and vesicle fusion, FEBS Lett, vol.494, issue.1-2, pp.117-137, 2001.

A. Falmasjmadej, Detailed structure and dynamics of bicelle phospholipids using selectively deuterated and perdeuterated labels. 2H NMR and molecular mechanics study, Langmuir, vol.19, issue.25, pp.10468-79, 2003.

M. Etzkorn, S. Martell, O. C. Andronesi, K. Seidel, M. Engelhard et al., Secondary structure, dynamics, and topology of a seven-helix receptor in native membranes, studied by solid-state NMR spectroscopy, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, vol.46, issue.3, pp.459-62, 2007.

J. M. Seddon and G. Cevc, Lipid Polymorphism: Structure and stability of lyotropic mesophases of Phospholipids, pp.553-77, 1993.

R. Marinov and E. J. Dufourc, Thermotropism and hydration properties of POPE and POPE cholesterol systems as revealed by solid state H-2 and P-31-NMR, European Biophysics Journal with Biophysics Letters, vol.24, issue.6, pp.423-454, 1996.

M. R. Vist and J. H. Davis, Phase equilibria of cholesterol/dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine mixtures: 2H nuclear magnetic resonance and differential scanning calorimetry, Biochemistry, vol.29, issue.2, pp.451-64, 1990.

J. G. Beck, D. Mathieu, C. Loudet, S. Buchoux, and E. J. Dufourc, Plant sterols in "rafts": a better way to regulate membrane thermal shocks, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, vol.21, issue.8, pp.1714-1737, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01564162

V. Ragoonanan, J. Malsam, D. R. Bond, and A. Aksan, Roles of membrane structure and phase transition on the hyperosmotic stress survival of Geobacter sulfurreducens, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.1778, issue.10, pp.2283-90, 2008.

R. Koynova and M. Caffrey, An index of lipid phase diagrams, Chem Phys Lipids, vol.115, issue.1-2, pp.107-219, 2002.

M. J. Hope and P. R. Cullis, The role of nonbilayer lipid structures in the fusion of human erythrocytes induced by lipid fusogens, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.640, issue.1, pp.82-90, 1981.

C. P. Tilcock and D. Fisher, Interactions of glycerol monooleate and dimethylsulphoxide with phospholipids. A differential scanning calorimetry and 31P-NMR study, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.685, issue.3, pp.340-346, 1982.

R. M. Epand, Relationship of phospholipid hexagonal phases to biological phenomena, Biochem Cell Biol, vol.68, issue.1, pp.17-23, 1990.

S. J. Eastman, M. J. Hope, K. F. Wong, and P. R. Cullis, Influence of phospholipid asymmetry on fusion between large unilamellar vesicles, Biochemistry, vol.31, issue.17, pp.4262-4270, 1992.

K. Gawrisch, V. A. Parsegian, D. A. Hajduk, M. W. Tate, S. M. Graner et al., Energetics of a hexagonal-lamellar-hexagonal-phase transition sequence in dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine membranes, Biochemistry, vol.31, issue.11, pp.2856-64, 1992.

Z. Chen and R. P. Rand, The influence of cholesterol on phospholipid membrane curvature and bending elasticity, Biophys J, vol.73, issue.1, pp.267-76, 1997.

J. A. Szule, N. L. Fuller, and R. P. Rand, The effects of acyl chain length and saturation of diacylglycerols and phosphatidylcholines on membrane monolayer curvature, Biophys J, vol.83, issue.2, pp.977-84, 2002.

N. Fuller, C. R. Benatti, and R. P. Rand, Curvature and bending constants for phosphatidylserine-containing membranes, Biophys J, vol.85, issue.3, pp.1667-74, 2003.

V. Luzzati and F. Husson, The structure of the liquid-crystalline phasis of lipid-water systems, J Cell Biol, vol.12, pp.207-226, 1962.

L. Chernomordik, Non-bilayer lipids and biological fusion intermediates, Chem Phys Lipids, vol.81, issue.2, pp.203-216, 1996.

P. R. Cullis and M. J. Hope, Effects of fusogenic agent on membrane structure of erythrocyte ghosts and the mechanism of membrane fusion, Nature, vol.271, issue.5646, pp.672-676, 1978.

M. Vidal and D. Hoekstra, In vitro fusion of reticulocyte endocytic vesicles with liposomes, J Biol Chem, vol.270, issue.30, pp.17823-17832, 1995.

Q. F. Ahkong, D. Fisher, W. Tampion, and J. A. Lucy, The fusion of erythrocytes by fatty acids, esters, retinol and alpha-tocopherol, Biochem J, vol.136, issue.1, pp.147-55, 1973.

D. Allan, P. Thomas, and R. H. Michell, Rapid transbilayer diffusion of 1,2-diacylglycerol and its relevance to control of membrane curvature, Nature, vol.276, issue.5685, pp.289-90, 1978.

A. Alonso, Structure and functional properties of diacylglycerols in, vol.38, 1999.

G. Chung, The role of fusogenic vesicles in the regulation of nuclear envelope assembly, 2014.

J. Zimmerberg, S. Vogel-a, and L. V. Chernomordik, Mechanisms of Membrane Fusion, Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure, vol.22, pp.433-66, 1993.

G. Basanez, Membrane fusion: the process and its energy suppliers, Cell Mol Life Sci, vol.59, issue.9, pp.1478-90, 2002.

L. V. Chernomordik and M. M. Kozlov, Protein-lipid interplay in fusion and fission of biological membranes, Annu Rev Biochem, vol.72, pp.175-207, 2003.

L. V. Chernomordik, J. Zimmerberg, and M. M. Kozlov, Membranes of the world unite!, J Cell Biol, pp.201-208, 1752006.

L. V. Chernomordik and M. M. Kozlov, Mechanics of membrane fusion, Nat Struct Mol Biol, vol.15, issue.7, pp.675-83, 2008.

F. S. Cohen and G. B. Melikyan, The energetics of membrane fusion from binding, through hemifusion, pore formation, and pore enlargement, J Membr Biol, vol.199, issue.1, pp.1-14, 2004.

V. A. Frolov and J. Zimmerberg, Cooperative elastic stresses, the hydrophobic effect, and lipid tilt in membrane remodeling, FEBS Lett, vol.584, issue.9, pp.1824-1833, 2010.

Y. Kozlovsky and M. M. Kozlov, Stalk model of membrane fusion: solution of energy crisis, Biophys J, vol.82, issue.2, pp.882-95, 2002.

L. Bapdl, Nuclear envelope formation: mind the gaps. Annual review of biophysics, vol.38, pp.107-131, 2009.

L. Chernomordik, M. M. Kozlov, and J. Zimmerberg, Lipids in biological membrane fusion, J Membr Biol, vol.146, issue.1, pp.1-14, 1995.

F. J. Longo and A. E. , The fine structure of pronuclear development and fusion in the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, J Cell Biol, vol.39, issue.2, pp.339-68, 1968.

T. D. Parsons, J. R. Coorssen, H. Horstmann, and W. Almers, Docked granules, the exocytic burst, and the need for ATP hydrolysis in endocrine cells, Neuron, vol.15, issue.5, pp.1085-96, 1995.

A. Efrat, L. V. Chernomordik, and M. M. Kozlov, Point-like protrusion as a prestalk intermediate in membrane fusion pathway, Biophys J, vol.92, pp.61-64, 2007.

L. Yang and H. W. Huang, Observation of a membrane fusion intermediate structure, Science, vol.297, issue.5588, pp.1877-1886, 2002.

R. Jahn, T. Lang, and T. C. Sudhof, Membrane fusion, Cell, vol.112, issue.4, pp.519-552, 2003.

W. Wickner and R. Schekman, Membrane fusion, Nat Struct Mol Biol, vol.15, issue.7, pp.658-64, 2008.

J. Zimmerberg and M. M. Kozlov, How proteins produce cellular membrane curvature, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.7, issue.1, p.9, 2005.

M. A. Churchward, T. Rogasevskaia, J. Hofgen, J. Bau, and J. R. Coorssen, Cholesterol facilitates the native mechanism of Ca2+-triggered membrane fusion, J Cell Sci, vol.118, pp.4833-4881, 2005.

T. Lang, N. D. Halemani, and B. Rammner, Interplay between lipids and the proteinaceous membrane fusion machinery, Prog Lipid Res, vol.47, issue.6, pp.461-470, 2008.

P. Dalb, Phosphatidylinositol metabolism and membrane fusion, The Biochemical journal, vol.418, issue.2, pp.233-279, 2009.

, Illustration showing the structures of an animal cell, Image credit: Genome Research

J. H. Frenster, V. G. Allfrey, and A. E. Mirsky, METABOLISM AND MORPHOLOGY OF RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN PARTICLES FROM THE CELL NUCLEUS OF LYMPHOCYTES*, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.46, issue.4, pp.432-476, 1960.

V. S. Nunes and N. S. Moretti, Nuclear subcompartments: an overview, Cell Biol Int, vol.41, issue.1, pp.2-7, 2017.

. Gl-k, The Relative Permeability of the Surface and Interior Portions of the Cytoplasm of Animal and Plant Cells

, Biol. Bull, pp.1-7, 1913.

. Kite, The Relative Permeability of the Surface and Interior Portions of the Cytoplasm of Animal and Plant Cells

, Biol. Bull, pp.1-7, 1913.

M. Bessis and A. Policard,

, Exp Cell Res, vol.11, issue.2, pp.490-492, 1956.

M. L. Watson, The nuclear envelope; its structure and relation to cytoplasmic membranes, J Biophys Biochem Cytol, vol.1, issue.3, pp.257-70, 1955.

H. W. Beams, T. N. Tahmisian, R. Devine, and A. E. , Ultrastructure of the nuclear membrane of a gregarine parasitic in grasshoppers, Exp Cell Res, vol.13, issue.1, pp.200-204, 1957.

J. Lammerding, L. G. Fong, J. Y. Ji, K. Reue, C. L. Stewart et al., Lamins A and C but not lamin B1 regulate nuclear mechanics, J Biol Chem, vol.281, issue.35, pp.25768-80, 2006.

T. Dechat, K. Pfleghaar, K. Sengupta, T. Shimi, D. K. Shumaker et al., Nuclear lamins: major factors in the structural organization and function of the nucleus and chromatin, Genes Dev, vol.22, issue.7, pp.832-53, 2008.

H. G. Callan and S. G. Tomlin, Experimental studies on amphibian oocyte nuclei. I. Investigation of the structure of the nuclear membrane by means of the electron microscope, Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, vol.137, issue.888, pp.367-78, 1950.

E. J. Tran and S. R. Wente, Dynamic nuclear pore complexes: life on the edge, Cell, vol.125, issue.6, pp.1041-53, 2006.

D. , M. A. Hetzer, and M. W. , Structure, dynamics and function of nuclear pore complexes, Trends Cell Biol, vol.18, issue.10, pp.456-66, 2008.

D. A. Starr and M. Han, ANChors away: an actin based mechanism of nuclear positioning, J Cell Sci, vol.116, issue.2, pp.211-217, 2003.

K. Wilhelmsen, M. Ketema, H. Truong, and A. Sonnenberg, KASH-domain proteins in nuclear migration, anchorage and other processes, J Cell Sci, vol.119, pp.5021-5030, 2006.

K. Wilhelmsen, S. H. Litjens, I. Kuikman, N. Tshimbalanga, H. Janssen et al., Nesprin-3, a novel outer nuclear membrane protein, associates with the cytoskeletal linker protein plectin, J Cell Biol, pp.799-810, 1712005.

A. Fridkin, A. Penkner, V. Jantsch, and Y. Gruenbaum, SUN-domain and KASH-domain proteins during development, meiosis and disease, Cell Mol Life Sci, vol.66, issue.9, pp.1518-1551, 2009.

. Schirmer-ecagl, The nuclear membrane proteome: Extending the envelope, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol.30, issue.10, pp.551-559, 2005.

A. Akhtar and S. M. Gasser, The nuclear envelope and transcriptional control, Nat Rev Genet, vol.8, issue.7, pp.507-524, 2007.

D. Dorner, J. Gotzmann, and R. Foisner, Nucleoplasmic lamins and their interaction partners, LAP2alpha, Rb, and BAF, in transcriptional regulation, Febs j, vol.274, issue.6, pp.1362-73, 2007.

E. C. Schirmer and R. Foisner, Proteins that associate with lamins: many faces, many functions, Exp Cell Res, vol.313, issue.10, pp.2167-79, 2007.

A. Mattout, T. Dechat, S. A. Adam, R. D. Goldman, and Y. Gruenbaum, Nuclear lamins, diseases and aging, Curr Opin Cell Biol, vol.18, issue.3, pp.335-376, 2006.

S. Heessen and M. Fornerod, The inner nuclear envelope as a transcription factor resting place, EMBO Rep, vol.8, issue.10, pp.914-923, 2007.

K. L. Reddy, J. M. Zullo, E. Bertolino, and H. Singh, Transcriptional repression mediated by repositioning of genes to the nuclear lamina, Nature, vol.452, issue.7184, pp.243-250, 2008.

S. Vlcek and R. Foisner, Lamins and lamin-associated proteins in aging and disease, Curr Opin Cell Biol, vol.19, issue.3, pp.298-304, 2007.

H. J. Worman and G. Bonne, Laminopathies": a wide spectrum of human diseases, Exp Cell Res, vol.313, issue.10, pp.2121-2154, 2007.

E. G. Neilan and . Laminopathies, other progeroid disorders, and aging: common pathogenic themes and possible treatments, Am J Med Genet A, vol.149, issue.4, pp.563-569, 2009.

G. K. Voeltz and W. A. Prinz, Sheets, ribbons and tubules -how organelles get their shape, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, vol.8, pp.258-64, 2007.

Y. B. Tzur, K. L. Wilson, and Y. Gruenbaum, SUN-domain proteins: 'Velcro' that links the nucleoskeleton to the cytoskeleton, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, pp.782-790

C. L. Stewart, K. J. Roux, and B. Burke, Blurring the boundary: the nuclear envelope extends its reach, Science, vol.318, issue.5855, pp.1408-1420, 2007.

Y. Gruenbaum, K. L. Wilson, A. Harel, M. Goldberg, and M. Cohen, Review: nuclear lamins--structural proteins with fundamental functions, J Struct Biol, vol.129, issue.2-3, pp.313-336, 2000.

T. V. Cohen, L. Hernandez, and C. L. Stewart, Functions of the nuclear envelope and lamina in development and disease, Biochem Soc Trans, vol.36, pp.1329-1363, 2008.

Y. Gruenbaum, A. Margalit, R. D. Goldman, D. K. Shumaker, and K. L. Wilson, The nuclear lamina comes of age, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, vol.6, issue.1, pp.21-31, 2005.

L. C. Mounkes, S. Kozlov, L. Hernandez, T. Sullivan, and C. L. Stewart, A progeroid syndrome in mice is caused by defects in A-type lamins, Nature, vol.423, issue.6937, pp.298-301, 2003.

M. Aawhj, The nuclear envelope and human disease, Physiology (Bethesda), vol.19, pp.309-323, 2004.

P. Scaffidi and T. Misteli, Lamin A-dependent nuclear defects in human aging, Science, vol.312, issue.5776, pp.1059-63, 2006.

D. , M. A. Hetzer, and M. W. , The role of the nuclear envelope in cellular organization, Cell Mol Life Sci, vol.63, issue.3, pp.316-348, 2006.

F. Mahmawnavd, Interphase nuclei of many mammalian cell types contain deep, dynamic, tubular membrane-bound invaginations of the nuclear envelope, Journal of Cell Biology, vol.136, issue.3, pp.531-575, 1997.

L. Schermelleh, P. M. Carlton, S. Haase, L. Shao, L. Winoto et al., Subdiffraction multicolor imaging of the nuclear periphery with 3D structured illumination microscopy, Science, vol.320, issue.5881, pp.1332-1338, 2008.

K. Prufert, M. Alsheimer, R. Benavente, and G. Krohne, The myristoylation site of meiotic lamin C2 promotes local nuclear membrane growth and the formation of intranuclear membranes in somatic cultured cells, Eur J Cell Biol, vol.84, issue.6, pp.637-683, 2005.

C. A. Bourgeois, D. Hemon, and M. Bouteille, Structural relationship between the nucleolus and the nuclear envelope, J Ultrastruct Res, vol.68, issue.3, pp.328-368, 1979.

J. L. Broers, B. M. Machiels, G. J. Van-eys, H. J. Kuijpers, E. M. Manders et al., Dynamics of the nuclear lamina as monitored by GFP-tagged A-type lamins, J Cell Sci, vol.112, pp.3463-75, 1999.

N. Johnson, M. Krebs, R. Boudreau, G. Giorgi, M. Legros et al., Actin-filled nuclear invaginations indicate degree of cell de-differentiation, Differentiation, vol.71, issue.7, pp.414-438, 2003.

K. N. Storch, D. J. Taatjes, N. A. Bouffard, S. Locknar, N. M. Bishop et al., Alpha smooth muscle actin distribution in cytoplasm and nuclear invaginations of connective tissue fibroblasts, Histochem Cell Biol, vol.127, issue.5, pp.523-553, 2007.

S. Hu, J. Chen, J. P. Butler, and N. Wang, Prestress mediates force propagation into the nucleus, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol.329, issue.2, pp.423-431, 2005.

D. E. Ingber, Cellular mechanotransduction: putting all the pieces together again, Faseb j, vol.20, issue.7, pp.811-838, 2006.

F. Houben, F. C. Ramaekers, L. H. Snoeckx, and J. L. Broers, Role of nuclear lamina-cytoskeleton interactions in the maintenance of cellular strength, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.1773, issue.5, pp.675-86, 2007.

M. Crisp, Q. Liu, K. Roux, J. B. Rattner, C. Shanahan et al., Coupling of the nucleus and cytoplasm: role of the LINC complex, J Cell Biol, vol.172, issue.1, pp.41-53, 2006.

H. M. Langevin, K. N. Storch, R. R. Snapp, N. A. Bouffard, G. J. Badger et al., Tissue stretch induces nuclear remodeling in connective tissue fibroblasts, Histochem Cell Biol, vol.133, issue.4, pp.405-420, 2010.

J. Y. Ji, R. T. Lee, L. Vergnes, L. G. Fong, C. L. Stewart et al., Cell nuclei spin in the absence of lamin b1, J Biol Chem, vol.282, issue.27, pp.20015-20041, 2007.

J. L. Broers, F. C. Ramaekers, G. Bonne, R. B. Yaou, and C. J. Hutchison, Nuclear lamins: laminopathies and their role in premature ageing, Physiol Rev, vol.86, issue.3, pp.967-1008, 2006.

K. Gehrig, T. A. Lagace, and N. D. Ridgway, Oxysterol activation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis involves CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha translocation to the nuclear envelope, Biochem J, vol.418, issue.1, pp.209-226, 2009.

M. M. Drozdz, H. Jiang, L. Pytowski, C. Grovenor, and D. J. Vaux, Formation of a nucleoplasmic reticulum requires de novo assembly of nascent phospholipids and shows preferential incorporation of nascent lamins, Sci Rep, vol.7, issue.1, p.7454, 2017.

A. H. Fischer, P. Taysavang, and S. M. Jhiang, Nuclear envelope irregularity is induced by RET/PTC during interphase, Am J Pathol, vol.163, issue.3, pp.1091-100, 2003.

F. Ahabsajz, Molecular aspects of diagnostic nucleolar and nuclear envelope changes in prostate cancer, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol.91, issue.1, pp.170-84, 2004.

D. Sarkar, L. Emdad, S. G. Lee, B. K. Yoo, Z. Z. Su et al., Astrocyte elevated gene-1: far more than just a gene regulated in astrocytes, Cancer Res, vol.69, issue.22, pp.8529-8564, 2009.

K. Chow, The nuclear envelope environment and its cancer connections, Nature reviews Cancer, vol.12, issue.3, pp.196-209, 2012.

. Fry, The nuclear envelope in mammalian cells, 1977.

R. W. Ledeen and G. Wu, Nuclear lipids: key signaling effectors in the nervous system and other tissues, J Lipid Res, vol.45, issue.1, pp.1-8, 2004.

G. D. Birnie, Subnuclear components, preparation and fractionation, 1976.

A. S. Khandwala and C. B. Kasper, The fatty acid composition of individual phospholipids from rat liver nuclear membrane and nuclei, J Biol Chem, vol.246, issue.20, pp.6242-6248, 1971.

F. Zambrano, S. Fleischer, and B. Fleischer, Lipid composition of the Golgi apparatus of rat kidney and liver in comparison with other subcellular organelles, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.380, issue.3, pp.357-69, 1975.

M. Schindler, J. F. Holland, and M. Hogan, Lateral diffusion in nuclear membranes, J Cell Biol, vol.100, issue.5, pp.1408-1422, 1985.

J. Alroy, F. B. Merk, V. Goyal, and A. Ucci, Heterogeneous distribution of filipin-sterol complexes in nuclear membranes, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.649, issue.2, pp.239-282, 1981.

T. Harayama and H. Riezman, Understanding the diversity of membrane lipid composition, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, vol.19, issue.5, pp.281-96, 2018.

B. Bagl, A cell free system to study reassembly of the nuclear envelope at the end of mitosis, Cell, vol.44, issue.4, pp.639-52, 1986.

M. J. Lohka and Y. Masui, Formation in vitro of sperm pronuclei and mitotic chromosomes induced by amphibian ooplasmic components, Science, vol.220, issue.4598, pp.719-740, 1983.

L. A. Cameron and D. L. Poccia, In vitro development of the sea urchin male pronucleus, Dev Biol, vol.162, issue.2, pp.568-78, 1994.

Y. Zhao, X. Liu, M. Wu, W. Tao, and Z. Zhai, In vitro nuclear reconstitution could be induced in a plant cellfree system, FEBS Lett, vol.480, issue.2-3, pp.208-220, 2000.

P. Lu and Z. H. Zhai, Nuclear assembly of demembranated Xenopus sperm in plant cell-free extracts from Nicotiana ovules, Exp Cell Res, vol.270, issue.1, pp.96-101, 2001.

P. Ajauks, The nuclear envelope: Form and reformation, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.18, issue.1, pp.108-124, 2006.

B. Buendia, J. C. Courvalin, and P. Collas, Dynamics of the nuclear envelope at mitosis and during apoptosis, Cell Mol Life Sci, vol.58, pp.1781-1790, 2001.

B. Burke and J. Ellenberg, Remodelling the walls of the nucleus, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, vol.3, issue.7, pp.487-97, 2002.

M. Crisp and B. Burke, The nuclear envelope as an integrator of nuclear and cytoplasmic architecture, FEBS Lett, vol.582, issue.14, pp.2023-2055, 2008.

W. Mawklac and -. Fo, Sizing up the nucleus: nuclear shape, size and nuclear-envelope assembly, Journal of cell science, vol.122, pp.1477-86, 2009.

M. Webster, K. L. Witkin, and O. Cohen-fix, Sizing up the nucleus: nuclear shape, size and nuclearenvelope assembly, J Cell Sci, vol.122, pp.1477-86, 2009.

D. J. Anderson and M. W. Hetzer, Reshaping of the endoplasmic reticulum limits the rate for nuclear envelope formation, J Cell Biol, vol.182, issue.5, pp.911-935, 2008.

T. Baur, K. Ramadan, A. Schlundt, J. Kartenbeck, and H. H. Meyer, NSF-and SNARE-mediated membrane fusion is required for nuclear envelope formation and completion of nuclear pore complex assembly in Xenopus laevis egg extracts, J Cell Sci, vol.120, pp.2895-903, 2007.

G. Tmawkl, Nuclear Envelope Structure and Dynamics, 1997.

S. Eawgadehacraagraaarcaalm, The genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Science, vol.314, issue.5801, pp.941-52, 2006.

P. Collas and D. Poccia, Lipophilic organizing structures of sperm nuclei target membrane vesicle binding and are incorporated into the nuclear envelope, Dev Biol, vol.169, issue.1, pp.123-158, 1995.

P. Collas and D. Poccia, Distinct egg membrane vesicles differing in binding and fusion properties contribute to sea urchin male pronuclear envelopes formed in vitro, J Cell Sci, vol.109, pp.1275-83, 1996.

D. Fabrdavbahtmcapdlalb, Spatial regulation of membrane fusion controlled by modification of phosphoinositides, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.8, p.12208, 2010.

G. Mabrdahtmcagsawrapdladejal, Nuclear envelope remnants: Fluid membranes enriched in STEROLS and polyphosphoinositides, PLoS ONE, vol.4, issue.1, p.4255, 2009.

. Byrne-rdabtmagmakgakmapdlalb, Nuclear envelope assembly is promoted by phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C with selective recruitment of phosphatidylinositol-enriched membranes, The Biochemical journal, vol.387, issue.2, pp.393-400, 2005.

. Byrne-rdag-lmahkadmamnatnazvacaaptra, PLC$\gamma$ is enriched on polyphosphoinositide-rich vesicles to control nuclear envelope assembly, Cellular Signalling, vol.19, issue.5, pp.913-935, 2007.

Z. Vagaag-lmabsalbadej, Key role of polyphosphoinositides in dynamics of fusogenic nuclear membrane vesicles, PLoS ONE, vol.6, issue.9, p.23859, 2011.

G. Basanez, J. L. Nieva, E. Rivas, A. Alonso, and F. M. Goni, Diacylglycerol and the promotion of lamellarhexagonal and lamellar-isotropic phase transitions in lipids: implications for membrane fusion, Biophys J, vol.70, issue.5, pp.2299-306, 1996.

P. Collas and D. L. Poccia, Formation of the sea urchin male pronucleus in vitro: membrane-independent chromatin decondensation and nuclear envelope-dependent nuclear swelling, Mol Reprod Dev, vol.42, issue.1, pp.106-119, 1995.

P. Collas, C. Pinto-correia, and D. L. Poccia, Lamin dynamics during sea urchin male pronuclear formation in vitro, Exp Cell Res, vol.219, issue.2, pp.687-98, 1995.

M. Gutiérrez-lete, Phosphoinositides: interaction with histones and their role in nuclear envelope assembly: Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 2014.

M. W. Hetzer, The nuclear envelope. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, vol.2, p.539, 2010.

L. Badej, Polyunsaturated phosphatidylinositol and diacylglycerol substantially modify the fluidity and polymorphism of biomembranes: A solid-state deuterium NMR study, Lipids, vol.41, issue.10, pp.925-957, 2006.

G. Chung, M. C. Domart, C. Peddie, J. Mantell, K. Mclaverty et al., Acute depletion of diacylglycerol from the cis-Golgi affects localized nuclear envelope morphology during mitosis, Journal of Lipid Research, vol.59, issue.8, pp.1402-1415, 2018.

R. Somech, S. Shaklai, N. Amariglio, G. Rechavi, and A. J. Simon, Nuclear envelopathies--raising the nuclear veil, Pediatr Res, vol.57, issue.5, pp.8-15, 2005.

Z. Dafahanja, Nuclear structure in cancer cells, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol.4, issue.9, pp.677-87, 2004.

M. Schindler, J. F. Holland, and M. Hogan, LATERAL DIFFUSION IN NUCLEAR-MEMBRANES, Journal of Cell Biology, vol.100, issue.5, pp.1408-1422, 1985.

G. S. Wilkie and E. C. Schirmer, Purification of nuclei and preparation of nuclear envelopes from skeletal muscle, Methods Mol Biol, vol.463, pp.23-41, 2008.

C. Ho, C. Lam, M. Chan, R. Cheung, L. Law et al., Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Clinical Applications, Clin Biochem Rev. 242003, pp.3-12

C. Bure, S. Ayciriex, E. Testet, and J. M. Schmitter, A single run LC-MS/MS method for phospholipidomics, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol.405, issue.1, pp.203-216, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01779053

A. Abragam and L. C. Hebel, The Principles of Nuclear Magnetism, American Journal of Physics, pp.860-861, 1961.

C. Loudet, Les Biphényles: un nouveau modèle de biomembrane pour l'étude de protéines membranes par RMN des solides, p.264, 2006.

M. Mehring, Principles of high resolution NMR in solids, 1983.

E. J. Dufourc, C. Mayer, J. Stohrer, G. Althoff, and G. Kothe, Comprehensive analysis using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance lineshape and relaxation time measurements, Biophys J, vol.61, issue.1, pp.42-57, 1992.

E. Dufourc, Théorie et applications à l'étude de l'action de la mélittinine et de la delta-lysine sur les membrane biologique Bordeaux, La résonance magnétique nucléaire du deutérium et du phosphore dans les milieux organisés, vol.1, pp.245-1986

J. H. Davis, The description of membrane lipid conformation, order and dynamics by 2H-NMR, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.737, issue.1, pp.117-71, 1983.

J. Seelig, Deuterium magnetic resonance: theory and application to lipid membranes, Q Rev Biophys, vol.10, issue.3, pp.353-418, 1977.

J. Seelig, F. Borle, and T. A. Cross, Magnetic-Ordering of Phospholipid-Membranes, Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, vol.814, issue.1, pp.195-203, 1985.

W. Helfrich, Lipid Bilayer Spheres -Deformation and Birefringence in Magnetic-Fields, Physics Letters A, vol.43, issue.5, pp.409-419, 1973.

W. Helfrich, Elastic properties of lipid bilayers -Theory and possible experiments, Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung C-a Journal of Biosciences, vol.28, pp.693-703, 1973.

T. Pott and E. J. Dufourc, Action of melittin on the DPPC-cholesterol liquid-ordered phase -A solid state H-2 NMR and P-31-NMR study, Biophysical Journal, vol.68, issue.3, pp.965-77, 1995.

R. Mabra, Obtaining high-fidelity powder spectra in anisotropic media: Phase-cycled Hahn echo spectroscopy, Journal of Magnetic Resonance, vol.52, issue.2, pp.221-261, 1983.

D. Jhhajkrabmavmiiahtppajkr, Quadrupolar echo deuteron magnetic resonance spectroscopy in ordered hydrocarbon chains, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.42, issue.2, pp.390-394, 1976.

J. H. Davis, K. R. Jeffrey, M. Bloom, M. I. Valic, and T. P. Higgs, Quadrupolar Echo Deuteron Magnetic-Resonance Spectroscopy in Ordered Hydrocarbon Chains, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.42, issue.2, pp.390-394, 1976.

M. Garnier-lhomme, R. D. Byrne, T. Hobday, S. Gschmeissner, R. Woscholski et al., Nuclear Envelope Remnants: Fluid Membranes Enriched in STEROLS and Polyphosphoinositides, Plos One, vol.4, issue.1, p.12, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02124187

A. H. Fischer, P. Taysavang, and S. M. Jhiang, Nuclear envelope irregularity is induced by RET/PTC during interphase, American Journal of Pathology, vol.163, issue.3, pp.1091-100, 2003.

A. H. Fischer, S. Bardarov, and Z. Jiang, Molecular aspects of diagnostic nucleolar and nuclear envelope changes in prostate cancer, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol.91, issue.1, pp.170-84, 2004.

D. Sarkar, L. Emdad, S. G. Lee, B. K. Yoo, Z. Z. Su et al., Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1: Far More Than Just a Gene Regulated in Astrocytes, Cancer Research, vol.69, issue.22, pp.8529-8564, 2009.

C. H. Fiske and Y. Subbarow, The colorimetric determination of phosphorus, J Biol Chem, vol.66, issue.2, pp.375-400, 1925.

J. G. Beck, D. Mathieu, C. Loudet, S. Buchoux, and E. J. Dufourc, Plant sterols in "rafts": a better way to regulate membrane thermal shocks, Faseb J, vol.21, issue.8, pp.1714-1737, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01564162

J. H. Davis, The Description of Membrane Lipid Conformation, Order and Dynamics by 2H-NMR

, Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, vol.737, issue.1, pp.117-71, 1983.

A. L. Furlan, M. L. Jobin, S. Buchoux, A. Grelard, E. J. Dufourc et al., Membrane lipids protected from oxidation by red wine tannins: A proton NMR study, Biochimie, vol.107, pp.82-90, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01988333

J. P. Douliez, A. Leonard, and E. J. Dufourc, Restatement of Order Parameters in Biomembranes -Calculation of C-C Bond Order Parameters from C-D Quadrupolar Splittings, Biophys J, vol.68, issue.5, pp.1727-1766, 1995.

J. P. Douliez, A. Leonard, and E. J. Dufourc, Conformational order of DMPC sn-1 versus sn-2 chains and membrane thickness: An approach to molecular protrusion by solid state H-2-NMR and neutron diffraction, J Phys Chem, vol.100, issue.47, pp.18450-18457, 1996.

L. J. Burnett and B. H. Muller, Deuteron Quadrupole Coupling Constants in 3 Solid Deuterated Paraffin Hydrocarbons-C2D6, C4D10, C6D14, J Chem Phys, vol.55, issue.12, p.5829, 1971.

J. P. Douliez, A. Leonard, and E. J. Dufourc, Restatement of order parameters in biomembranes: calculation of C-C bond order parameters from C-D quadrupolar splittings, Biophysical Journal, vol.68, issue.5, pp.1727-1766, 1995.

T. Pott and E. J. Dufourc, Action of Melittin on the DPPC-Cholesterol Liquid-Ordered Phase -A Solid-State 2H-NMR and P-31-NMR Study, Biophys J, vol.68, issue.3, pp.965-77, 1995.

P. Meier, J. H. Sachse, P. J. Brophy, D. Marsh, G. Kothe et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.84, issue.11, pp.3704-3712, 1987.

M. M. Bradford, Rapid and Sensitive Method for Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing Principle of Protein-Dye Binding, Anal Biochem, vol.72, issue.1-2, pp.248-54, 1976.

H. Towbin and J. Gordon, Immunoblotting and Dot Immunobinding -Current Status and Outlook, Journal of Immunological Methods, vol.72, issue.2, pp.313-353, 1984.

M. Wakelam, T. R. Pettitt, and A. D. Postle, Lipidomic analysis of signaling pathways. Lipidomics and Bioactive Lipids: Mass-Spectrometry-Based Lipid Analysis, vol.432, pp.233-279, 2007.

B. Larijani, D. L. Poccia, and L. C. Dickinson, Phospholipid identification and quantification of membrane vesicle subfractions by P-31-H-1 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, Lipids, vol.35, issue.11, pp.1289-97, 2000.

M. Crisp, Q. Liu, K. Roux, J. B. Rattner, C. Shanahan et al., Coupling of the nucleus and cytoplasm: role of the LINC complex, Journal of Cell Biology, vol.172, issue.1, pp.41-53, 2006.

F. Zambrano, S. Fleischer, and B. Fleischer, Lipid-Composition of Golgi Apparatus of Rat-Kidney and Liver in Comparison with other Subcellular Organelles, Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, vol.380, issue.3, pp.357-69, 1975.

, Birnie GD. Subnuclear Components. Butterworth, 1976.

G. Blobel and V. R. Potter, Nuclei from Rat Liver -Isolation Method that Combines Purity with High Yield, Science, vol.154, issue.3757, p.1662, 1966.

M. C. Domart, T. Hobday, C. J. Peddie, G. Chung, A. Wang et al., Acute Manipulation of Diacylglycerol Reveals Roles in Nuclear Envelope Assembly & Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology, Plos One, vol.7, issue.12, p.14, 2012.

X. L. Gao, Q. B. Zhang, D. Meng, G. Isaac, R. Zhao et al., A reversed-phase capillary ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) method for comprehensive topdown/bottom-up lipid profiling, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol.402, issue.9, pp.2923-2956, 2012.

P. Collas and D. Poccia, Distinct egg membrane vesicles differing in binding and fusion properties contribute to sea urchin male pronuclear envelopes formed in vitro, Journal of Cell Science, vol.109, pp.1275-83, 1996.

D. Zink, A. H. Fischer, and J. A. Nickerson, Nuclear structure in cancer cells, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol.4, issue.9, pp.677-87, 2004.

C. Hagen, S. Werner, S. Carregal-romero, A. N. Malhas, B. G. Klupp et al., Multimodal nanoparticles as alignment and correlation markers in fluorescence/soft X-ray cryomicroscopy/tomography of nucleoplasmic reticulum and apoptosis in mammalian cells, Ultramicroscopy, vol.146, pp.46-54, 2014.

P. Collas, Nuclear envelope disassembly in mitotic extract requires functional nuclear pores and a nuclear lamina, Journal of Cell Science, vol.111, pp.1293-303, 1998.