A. Lavine, Circuits of Victory, 21-2. For assistance in the preparation of this essay, we would like to thank Gabriele Balbi, Christiane Berth, Daniel R. Headrick, Adam Tooze, and two anonymous referees. For research assistance, we are grateful to Bailey Pierson

, Lavine's memorial service took place at the interdenominational Ethical Cultural Society, Biographical information on Lavine has been cobbled together from various sources, including US and New York state census records. An obituary appeared in the New York Times, p.41, 1969.

. Lavine, Circuits of Victory, pp.21-23

, The approach that we adopt in this essay is indebted to the transnational turn in the history of technology, a historiographical innovation long associated with the Tensions of Europe research initiative (see www.tensionsofeurope.eu), pp.28-37

, Exceptions to the top-down and nation-centric focus of most telephone scholarship include John, Network Nation, which foregrounds the decisive role in the making of the US telephone network of municipal operating companies and municipal franchise regula-tion

L. , Europe mise en réseaux, which locates the French telephone network in a transnational frame

, The literature on the political and economic significance of standard-setting -a phenomenon labeled 'network power' by historical sociologist David Grewal and 'soft power' by political scientist Joseph S. Nye, Jr. -is growing rapidly. Recent scholarship on standardsetting in the information technologies sector includes Jeding, Co-Ordination, Co-operation

O. Russell, ;. Standards, M. , and Y. , The Globalizing Governance,' 550-8. None of this literature places any special emphasis on the First World War

. France and . Bertho-lavenir, Télégraphes et téléphones. Neither placed any special emphasis on the First World War. The influence of the First World War on business, technology, and engineering is the subject of a large and distinguished literature. Among the books that explore this relationship for the United States are Pursell, Key monographs on the history of telephone in this period include, for the United States, Lipartito, Bell System, pp.205-212

A. Hughes, ;. Genesis, A. Noble, and . By-design, Our essay also contributes to the burgeoning literature on the shifting character and significance in the early twentieth century of transnational links between the United States and Europe. On this topic, see Tooze, Deluge; and Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings. Tooze and Rodgers each show how First World War-era transnational linkages strengthened the relative position of the United States in the international political economy, pp.8-9

, The historical literature on the networking of Europe is vast. For an introduction, see Vleuten and Kaijser, Networking Europe; and Vleuten and Kaijser, pp.21-48

. Squier, Report of the Chief Signal Officer, vol.6, p.11

. Squier, Report of the Chief Signal Officer, 7. See also Raines, Getting the Message Through, vol.168

. Squier, Report of the Chief Signal Officer, vol.7

. Powell, The Army Behind the Army, 4. For a perceptive history of the non-Bell, or independent, US telephone sector, see MacDougall, People's Network

. Squier, Report of the Chief Signal Officer, vol.8

. Spurlock, Bell Telephone Laboratories, pp.165-215

, In emphasizing the role of the First World War in strengthening transnational networks, we build on a central argument of Hughes's American Genesis. For a related discussion, which critiques the presumption that the postwar period witnessed a retreat into isolation-ism, see Tooze and Fertik, World Economy, pp.214-252

. Schauble, The First Battalion

J. , , pp.359-63

. Lavine, Circuits of Victory, vol.134, pp.181-183

. Ibid, The Bell System's Multiple Service to the Country, Telephone Review, vol.182, p.147, 1914.

, Historique du 8e régiment du génie pendant la campagne 1914-1918 (n. p., c. 1920), 5 ; and Toché, p.253

, History of the Signal Corps: Beginnings of the Telegraph and Telephone System

. Squier, Report of the Chief Signal Officer, p.162

. Powell, Army Behind the Army, vol.12

. Lavine, Report of the Commanding General, SOS, AEF, United States Army in the World War, vol.27, pp.114-119, 1917.

H. Cobbs and . Girls, , p.85

. Powell, Army Behind the Army. 30. Ibid, pp.16-23

. Lavine, Circuits of Victory, p.98

, Telephone Review, issue.9, 1918.

. Powell, History of the Signal Corps, vol.34

. Powell, Army Behind the Army, 14; and Lavine, Circuits of Victory, pp.215-222

. Lavine, Circuits of Victory, 118-22; and "History of the Signal Corps, p.20

. Lavine, Il a été pénible, pour l'amour propre des télégraphistes français, de constater que les Américains téléphonaient couramment de Coblence à Brest pour des questions de transport ou de matériel

F. Keegan and . Battle, , pp.186-193

. Powell, 60-80. Recent research has reassessed the contribution of the British Signal Service to the British war effort. While older accounts typically judged Britain's military communications a failure, Brian N. Hall has recently made the case not only for its success, but also for its influence on the US Signal Service. Hall, Communications and British Operations, 16, 20; and Hall, vol.24, pp.290-321

J. , , pp.371-377

. Lavine, Why Governments Fail in Commercial Enterprises, p.16

J. , Network Nation, pp.400-404

. Lavine, Circuits of Victory, p.88

, 216, 130. 48. Ibid., 157. 49. Ibid, p.158

, On the Council of National Defense, see Pursell, 1917.

, When Belgium Stemmed the Tide, 1917.

, Whispering Wires of War, Pathé, released 21, 1918.

. Lavine, Circuits of Victory, 372; and Barsam, Nonfiction Film, vol.38, p.40

J. , , pp.389-93

, For a related discussion

A. Hughes and P. Genesis;-and, Engineering Organization

, American Telephone and Telegraph Company public relations announcement, 1921.

L. Carroll, . Post, C. Werhane, and . Responsibility, Of the many books on the rise and fall of the stakeholder model of corporate governance, see in particular Marchand, Creating the Corporate Soul

G. Guieu and . La-paix, , vol.8

L. Soutou and . Grande, , pp.330-335

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&. M. Charbon and . Dennery, , pp.54-59

. Toché, Les enseignement, pp.257-265

, These meetings are documented in a series of reports that Griswold prepared for Bell managers: Carty

. Bouvier, Connexions électriques, p.228

, While LTT provided much of the equipment for this underground line, it remained reliant on US-based Western Electric factories for loading coils and electronic repeaters, L'Epopée des Lignes Télégraphiques et Téléphoniques, p.301

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